An Overview of Manet Power Management Approaches

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Due to the development of wireless networks in computer networking, the Mobile Adhoc Network has played a vital role in creating communication networks in wireless mediums without any access point.The major challenges of the creation of MANET with respect to the characteristics are transmission range limitation, overhead in the routing process, battery power constraint, asymmetric link, nature of the wireless network, packet loss, mobile notes route changes, frequent network partitioning, etc.
Among the challenges, battery power management is an important factor in MANET working operations.Enhancing the battery power is done by incorporating the transmission of packets, synchronization signal, beacon signal generation, etc.Several routing protocols have been established to improve battery power consumption in packet transfer.A new hybrid protocol is even being launched to improve battery power consumption.Concentrating only on the routing packet transfer alone is not sufficient to consume the battery power; apart from that, other layers also play a vital role in power optimization.Instant the physical layer beacon signal, MAC layer link establishment, network layer routing, transport layer connection establishment using TCP or UDP protocol, application layer usages, etc.
This article surveys how the different levels contribute to managing the power management in MANET.The article is structured in such a way that section II covers power management in MANET protocol layers, followed by a comparative analysis of power management techniques in MANET in section III, section IV summarises all the methodologies used in MANET for power management, and section V concludes with the new technique.

POWER MANAGEMENT IN MANET PROTOCOL LAYERS 2.1. Power Management at the Physical Layer
MANET physical layer power management depends on catering to the aspects of physical layer modulation, noise, power gained in antennae, coding techniques, and interference.The physical layer consists of PHY components and Antenna Components.The Models of signal transmission, reflection, and reception, MAC scheme, channel distortions, Physical parameters, and neighbor node interference are PHY components.The antenna functions and properties are the antenna components used for capturing signals when the antenna is in transmit mode.The total energy used for antenna signal functioning compromised the antenna power transmission, Antenna power receiving, and power required in idle and sleep mode, which is estimated by the equation of 1 to 4.

MAC layer Power Management
MANET, MAC layer power management evaluates the routing indicators quantitatively, like energy consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR), average delay, average jitter, and network delay.Energy consumption is estimated in the metric of joule, packet loss in the first node or middle node, and even the lost node is also the same energy consumed.The average packet delivery rate is the rate of data being received from the sender.Average Packet Delivery rate PAvg, using Equations 5 and 6.

𝑃𝐴𝑣𝑔 =
The Average End-to-end delay is also an important parameter in MAC layer power management, which is computed from equation 7.
The throughput of the network is the ratio between the total amount of data passing in a local connection and the time spent transferring the data, as shown in Equation 9.

Network Layer Power Management Node Power
Every node's residual power is necessary to transmit the Packet; when the power gets drained, it leads to packet transmission failure disconnection in the route path.The minimum power for transmitting the Packet and minimum power for receiving the Packet of every node is to be estimated using the formula 10.

Link connectivity
Link connectivity is the bidirectional connection between the pair of nodes, which is estimated as follows in Equation 11. (11) ℎ       ℎ   ℎ  ℎ .

Lifetime of the link
The lifetime of every link is needed to connect two nodes and send packets.The link is used for transmitting packets.Due to dynamic topology changes, the link may get disconnected in MANET, so the lifetime of the link is estimated in advance before choosing the route.That could be estimated using the energy model Equation 12.
Where, Eg Energy dissipation of g th node

Node Mobility
The mobility of the node, which is computed using Equation 13, is an important factor in MANET.
Distance between the nodes is used to estimate the link stability, which is evaluated using the formula of Equation 14.

Transport Layer Power Management
Reliable packet transmission is done in TCP protocol in the MANET transport layer.So, Transport layers support the responsibility of packet delivery by giving [92] ACK signal to the sender so that the retransmission of the Packet will not be initiated.
Old ACK and New ACK times were used in the TCP protocol to inform the source about the Packet received.The received packet rate of the destination is used in the formula in Equation 15.

POWER MANAGEMENT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
This chapter has done a thorough comparative analysis of the MANET power management protocol through the introduction of many classifications, which are illustrated in tables 1 to 6, with the methodology employed and the benefits and drawbacks of each method.Table 3 discusses the different methodologies used for optimizing the node energy like LEA-AODV, RREQ modification, Route energy index, and Network lifetime, where some methods achieve the energy consumption, others load balancing, etc.

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF MANET EXISTING METHODS
Table 7 summarises several approaches and algorithms in terms of supporting parameters.Some methods support some MANET parameters, while others do not.Figure 1

CONCLUSION
This research paper discusses MANET power management approaches with regard to several parameter metrics such as Mobility awareness, Clustering, Topology, Transmission Range, QOS, and linkbased.Finally, the approaches employed for power management and performance factor improvement in MANET were summarised.Still, new strategies for manipulating are required to overcome all performance metrics in MANET utilization.Power management in a wireless network is a time-consuming task, especially in a Mobile Adhoc Network, because each node runs on its own power.When the internal battery fails, the entire communication system fails.Several strategies are proposed to increase the performance of the MANET battery management, and this might be used to evaluate the MANET's performance metrics.This paper finds new strategies enhanced in feature work, which could include adding internal node parameter adjustments such as introducing the mute ideal node, beacon signal utilization, and alteration in MANET working principles known as sleep and awake node management in MANET.The forwarding of packets by a single node amid the clustered to enhance battery life is accomplished by the collaborative route management technique.

ISSN
. of DI & IC, Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2023: 11-19 depicts the comparison of Parameters on different articles, from where power, delay congestion control, Packet overhead, security, antenna, and loadless research work was done.Next, the Packet Delivery Ratio and power of the moderate level of research work were carried out.Finally, many researchers concentrate on researching ways to overcome delay and energy consumption.ISSN: 2583-6250 Prisma Publications Int.J. of DI & IC, Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2023: 11-19

Table 4 .
Summary of Cluster Head

Table 5 .
Summary of Mobility Aware in Cluster

Table 6 .
Summary of Transmission Range

Table 7 .
Summary of Power management method with supporting performance Figure 1.MANET Research Comparison